Liverpool's captain Van Dijk was issued a straight red card by referee John Brooks around the half-hour mark in Sunday's match for a foul on Newcastle's Alexander Isak right on the edge of the box.
As the incident was reviewed by the VAR, the defender appeared to argue with Brooks.
"It's alleged that the defender acted in an improper manner and/or used abusive and/or insulting words towards a match official after being sent off in the 29th minute," the FA said in a statement.
Van Dijk will have until Friday to respond to the charge.